Bread Making Time Line Essay

Depending on the type of yeast you are using the steps to making bread will vary. Using the basic bread dough recipe, this time line is based on using dry active yeast. I am also basing this time line on the straight dough method which is the direct method of making bread. STEP 1 To make your dough, your ingredients must be accurately measured and weighed as well as be the appropriate temperature. Wet ingredients are usually weighed rather than measured to guarantee the right amount is added. Humidity and heat can alter the amount of flour needed and therefore will also change the amount of liquid. For our basic dough recipe we need 4  ½ cups to 5 cups of bread flour. This would be weighed on a scale in ounces equaling 36 to 40 ounces. Keeping about  ¾ cup of flour to the side, 1 teaspoon of salt and  ½ cup of sugar is added to the remaining flour and mixed together. A tablespoon of Active Dry Yeast is dissolved in luke warm water and added to the mixed dry ingredients with 2 tablespoons of vegetable oil. It is imperative that the dough temperature be correct for proper yeast activation. The typical temperature for dough is around 77 degrees. To achieve the proper dough temperature you have to make sure your water is the right temperature. You wouldn’t take water direct from the tap. Assuming that our room temperature is 77 degrees and our mixer adds a 25 degree friction factor, then we want water that is around 61 degrees. We would add the 1 and  ¾ cups of water to our mixture slowly as to not make the dough to wet. If we were using other types of yeast we would either be directly adding the yeast, if instant, or we would soften compressed yeast until it is twice its weight before adding it to our mixture. STEP 2 Once we have added the water we now mix our dough in the mixer using a dough hook on low power until smooth, adding flour or water as needed for the property texture. After everything is mixed we would put the dough on a slab and kneed it until a ball is formed that is stretchy and holds together when pulled. The whole process should take about 10 minutes. STEP 3 Placing the dough in a container at least twice the size of the dough ball, the dough is left to rise. Rising is when the dough ferments and the yeast works to develop the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. These gasses are what give bread texture and taste. As stated before, rise time will vary depending on room temperature and humidity, but usually takes from 1 to 3 hours. The dough is ready when it is double its original size and no longer springs back to the touch. STEP 4 Now we take the dough and give it a gentle work over. Punching it down, or folding it over itself, and reshaping the ball redistributes the gasses that were produced during the rise and re activates the yeast. Punching down also helps even out the temperature of the dough and gives the gluten a bit of a rest. We will let the dough rest for 10 minutes after punching it down. STEP 5 We will shape the dough into our loaf and let it sit until it doubles again. This is called proofing. During proofing additional heat and moisture are added to prevent the dough from drying out. This is can be done in a proofing cabinet or in a container that is covered with a warm moist towel. When making rolls or smaller portion loaves this step would be the time to do that. Each portion would be proofed to double its size. STEP 6 We will wash our doubled loaf with egg wash to give it sheen and color and bake at 400 degrees for 19 minutes. When the internal temperature is at least 185 degrees we can remove the loaf from the oven. During baking it is important to provide steam in the oven. This allows for a crisp crust and soft center. To add steam to a traditional oven you can spray the bread with water several times during baking or you can put a pan of water in the oven. STEP 7 Once the baking is done the bread is cooled on a rack to room temperature. We can store our finished bread on the counter or it can be frozen. We should not store our bread in the refrigerator because it gets stale faster. Though it may seem time consuming, baking your own bread has great rewards and a profound sense of accomplishment. You are guaranteed fresh rolls and bread at every meal and can even try different recipes without spending a lot of money.

Filipino Psychology: on Spirituality, Homosexuality, Psychopathology Essay

Psychopathology is said to be the deviation of an individual’s behavior as compared to the norms of the society. It is classified into two—neurosis and psychosis. In a third world country like ours, it is a fact that poor people outnumber the rich ones, that’s why most Filipinos are prone to having problems, especially economic/financial ones. For some, these problems lead to emotional and psychological disturbances. But the question lies on which extent does these disturbances lead to, whether the individual is still intact with reality or not anymore. This is where the study of psychopathology comes in, focusing on the different dynamics of mental disorders in the Philippines, like on what reasons why the Filipinos lose their sanity or on what standards do the society perceive these insane people. More often that not, when a Filipino encounters a neurotic, one who manifests emotional conflict but still is able to be in touch with reality, he would usually do all things to help that person out. This is due to the notion of the Filipino’s intrinsic pakikipagkapwa. He is naturally concerned with the problematic person’s emotional and psychological well-being. Whether he may be the person’s relative, friend, or even just a co-worker, he would provide aid so as to ease the person’s burden. He wouldn’t want him to become a baliw. But what happens if the person becomes a baliw? There are different trends on how the Pinoys treat the baliw. If the person has a coherent family system and his family has money, then he probably would be treated with some kind of psychotherapy, psychopharmacology or be sent in a special school (as for the case of special people). If in case he indeed has supportive relatives but don’t have the money for therapy, then he would just be kept inside the house, treated by the other family members as normally as possible and without any intervention. But if his family is very poor or very unsupportive of him because of his mental illness, then that person would be seen wandering in the streets, and people would be scared of him probably because he is shouting and untidy or lost and walking naked. Through this we could infer that the Filipino society in general has attributed a negative implication on the baliws. Since the Filipinos as a whole have close family systems, it is important to note that the concept of family is a significant aspect on the individual’s mental illness. The Filipino psychopathology indeed adheres somehow to the family systemic model, believing that a person’s pathology is attributed to his family systems. In a society that expects everyone to have not only smooth interpersonal relationships but also smooth family relationships, a person might find it hard to cope up with his problems when his family has defective communication or is shattered in structure. Sure, he could seek aid/comfort from his friends, but certainly on the back of his mind and in the depths of his heart, he is utterly concerned that his family is not like the other happy Filipino families he has known. It is also vital to note that culture is a big part on the study of Filipino psychopathology. We have to be aware that there are some beliefs that for us may be normal but for other cultures may be aberrant. One profound example of this is the people’s belief on the faith healers. Some of these individuals would claim that they are able to talk to some famous hero or saint, or they had encountered apparitions, and this was the cause why they were endowed with such gift of healing. Faith healers are indeed part of our culture, but are we to believe such convictions, or would we think that those are just the distorted thinking of the faith healer? Surely with such behaviors, the DSM IV would categorize these faith healers as individuals manifesting the symptoms of the schizophrenics. But among all, what is most essential to take notice on is the present situation on the interventions that is available to the mentally ill individuals. A person does not need to go into the public mental institution to see the repugnant condition of the patients there. Just a whole day’s stay in the streets of Cubao or Quiapo would enable him to see a number of psychopathologic individuals either naked or begging for alms. It is just disappointing to know that these individuals are least prioritized, and the fact that the society has lost hope in them. I think that this should not be the case, because these mentally ill individuals in fact still has the chance of getting well. I believe that curative status of the psychologically imbalanced individuals should be improved and actually be well funded by the government. These people would just remain discriminated and a burden to the society unless the society understands, takes notice, and prioritizes their well-being. But I wonder, when would this actually happen? I fervently hope that it would be sooner than later, or else, the people whom we know as baliws (crazy people) would just live miserably for the rest of their lives. ******************************************************************************************** On Filipino Religiosity and Spirituality Our country is composed of a hodgepodge of different religions, although it is a fact that this is a predominantly Christian country. But whatever religion that a Filipino may adhere to, it is part of his culture to go to church or to do whatever deed that his dogma tells him to do. Indeed, most Filipinos are perceived to be religious, especially if they belong to the Catholic community. It is evident though, by the way churches always fill up on Sundays, how streets and plazas are filled up by devout crowds during fiestas of some saint, or by the number of saints that are displayed on their altars. So we say that we Filipinos are in fact religious, but can we say that we are spiritual? There is a big difference between religiosity and spirituality. In the discussion we had in class, there have been different insights that the class has imparted. It has been said that religion is more of an external concept whereas spirituality is an internal one. It was also pointed out that religion is one’s system of beliefs or creed and that spirituality is the personal relationship with whoever god one believes in. I think the whole class agreed that religion is indeed a system of beliefs in which he bases his principle as well as his lifestyle in. It is an institution in which an individual belongs to (in the case that he is not an agnostic), and the teachings embedded therein would direct him to his purpose in life. As the discussion went on, the class was able to probe deeper upon the subject of spirituality. There were notions that what if one does not believe in spirits, then there is a probability that he would not possess spirituality of any kind. There was even an idea that spirituality is just a concept which was produced out of the people’s attachment to groups and their will to put order in the inevitable chaos that they will encounter. I guess spirituality is harder to define, because this concept not only encompasses the issues related with religion but on science, ethics, and morality as well. There was a social psychologist (Diarmuid O’Murchu) that said, â€Å"Spirituality concerns an ancient and primal search for meaning that is as old as humanity itself, and belongs–as an inherent energy–to the evolutionary unfolding of creation itself. There is set in motion in all aspect of creation a spirit that holds everything in place and directs everything to its end, gives each a place of rest in this vast universe, a home, a meaning, and a relevance. All life responds to life, and all life is drawn to what is life-giving. We follow the spirit that is in our nature, the spirit that is our nature. † I have pondered on this quote and had thought that every individual should search for his own spirituality so as to get meaning and relevance in his life. Moreover, spirituality is inherent within us, and to ignore this spirituality would mean one would also disregard the inherent energy that he possesses. ******************************************************************* On Filipino Homosexuality Pagkababae and Pagkalalaki The differences between men and women are attributed by what society dictates them to be. Here in the Philippines, society, especially the family, plays a vital role in the lives of the people. As what was discussed in class about pagkababae and pagkalalaki, there are specific roles and actions that a man and a woman should do. It is expected that for one to be a Filipina, she should be refined, modest, loyal, and be a perfect mother and wife. The Filipino, on the other hand, is expected to be brave, decisive, and be the family’s provider and disciplinarian. With this set-up, I think that indeed, there exists gender inequality in this society. For the longest time, the Filipinas are regarded as weak, quiet, and feeble individuals. During the Spanish time, they were only made to stay inside the house and do the household chores and are only allowed to go out when it is time to go to church. They were even not allowed to go to school, for they are also regarded as unintelligent individuals. There were very little opportunities for women. In these contemporary times, they say that there has been a change in the society’s view of the Filipinas. But changed as it is, stereotypes still remain. There are a lot who do not trust and look down on the skills and abilities of women. Because for them, the men are still the better, stronger, and more powerful sex. There are only a few women who stand as the head of their family, and at most times, it is the husband who decides for the whole family. This is because of the ascription that men should be decisive and women should be submissive. Or else, the Filipino would be regarded as under de saya. That designation would be a batter for the Filipino’s ego. One of the Filipinas’ disadvantageous qualities is that they are always sensitive and emotional. They are easy to fall in love and tend to cry easily—maybe this is the disadvantage of it. But what is advantageous of it tough, is that since they are emotional, they are likely able to let out their sentiments and hurt feelings. On the other hand, if the Filipinos would cry his heart out over a problem or heartache, there is a possibility that he would be thought of as corny or even bakla. Thus, he has to keep things by himself and cry alone. This is also probably the reason why women complain that men are very insensitive. With the women’s characteristics that tend to be more family-oriented than the men, would we say that women are better spouses and parents? When it comes to the strength and decisiveness of men, is it safe to say that men are indeed stronger, thus they are better workers than women? In my opinion, a Filipino and a Filipina have characteristics of their own. People should not waste time on determining if such sex is better than the other. We all have our strengths and weaknesses, and we should learn how to respect the weaknesses of each other. I think that in assessing people, we must look at a person’s characteristics first, not on the gender that he or she has. Although sexuality has a great bearing on person’s identity as a whole, their sex and gender performance is generally a deeper core identity and is not necessarily influenced by their sexuality. Bakla Sward, Bading, Jokla, Transvestite, Closet queen, Bi- these are among the usual labeling of Filipino gay men. On the other hand, terms like tibo, lesbo, butch, t-bird, tomboy are entitled to Filipina lesbians. For years, gays and lesbians have been a marginalized group in our society, and it was only about three decades ago that they had started to come out into the open. But even though they are already increasing in number and revealing their true identities to the public, one question still remains. Has the society fully accepted the gays and lesbians? All over the world sex and gender diverse people are being legally and socially disadvantaged, discriminated against, excommunicated from their religions, attacked, beaten up, raped, sexually assaulted, murdered both in public and covertly. Nothing perhaps can be more frustrating than to be denied a fair chance at self-improvement and be deprived of basic services because of sexual orientation. For many years gays and lesbians have had to contend with this reality, and whether much has changed for them through the years is still an unanswered question. Here in our country, gays and lesbians are also given a hard time because of their sexual orientation. A gay child would receive tremendous mockery upon his friends’ realization that he is gay. A lesbian adolescent would more or less gain a few friends because she is sexually deviant. A gay worker could even be accused of stealing money from the company, in order to finance his lover (or papa). These are some of the hardships that gay and lesbians undergo in our society. Due to these adversities, gays and lesbians strived to succeed in the workplace (especially gays). Many gays and lesbians are now holding reputable positions in companies. Slowly, they are able to go up the ladder of the people’s approval that they are actually an integral part of the society.

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics

Causes And Effects Of Brain Drain In Economics Introduction: According to a definition, ‘Brain Drain’, academically also known as the â€Å"human capital flight† is the large scale migration of highly educated, skilled and talented people of less economically advanced countries to highly rich and developed countries of the world due to conflicted issues, political instability and lack of opportunities in the developing countries. Globally, relocation of intellectuals is as old as mankind. This terminology of Brain Drain originated in 1960, when most of the intellectuals like scientists and engineers who were the real assets or the future of any country, emigrated from United Kingdom to America. The unsolved issue of Brain Drain is happening all over the world for the sake of better working conditions including, the island nations of the Caribbean, the anterior colonies of Africa and mostly in federal economies like the Soviet Union previous Eastern Germany, where aptitudes were not monetarily salaried. This p henomena was not as severe till 1960’s but with the huge capacity lopsidedly migrate to West Germany and North America from less developed regions. Substantial exoduses of skilled people were apparent at altered epochs of the economic growth of the countries of Europe and North America. However, with the progress in science and technological fields, only the intellectuals and highly qualified brains was of extraordinary mandate in highly developed countries. With the deficit in the core stream, the developed countries had to be dependent on the LDC’s. Professionals migrated from developing countries to three Developing countries (USA, Canada and United Kingdom) in 1960’s and by 1970’s, the figure had mounted. If one were to investigate statistics of all Developed Countries, the records would be alarming. This drift has continued in Africa and loss of huge qualified manpower is happen immigrations to Europe and North America annually. The questions that is arise in the social, political, economic, academic and probably in every sector of developing world. According to question the phenomena happened there are countless questions, but I want to explain the main attractions towards the developed world and why do talented and outstanding brains leave their countries? What are the costs of such migrations paid by developing countries? What policies can be implemented to stem such movements from LDCs to DCs? The goal of this paper is to highlight the unsolved, conflicted issue of Brain Drain and the Scientific Diaspora and the cause and effect relationship in the global knowledge based societies and also to address the cancerous disease directing the developing countries to failure. I will highlight some major questions, giving some suggestions which help to make policies to fade the disparities and the exploitation of skilled and semi-skilled labour in the developed world who themselves benefited to create the legislative crime of Brain drain and to hijack the rights of Cos in the shape of Scientific diaspora communities. How and when Brain Drain happens and intensifies Since the beginning of 1960s, the phenomena of brain drain became a highlighted and critical issue. With the neo-liberal economy and the tsunami wave of globalization has given a golden chance to the opportunists and played a vital role towards better and quality life including all accessories in every sphere of life. Globalization has opened a window for the human capital to agglomerate and mobilize where the brain extract and yet best recognized and rewarded in the highly economically strong and advanced countries.

King Abdullah Scholarship Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

King Abdullah Scholarship Program - Essay Example The King Abdullah Scholarship is a program whose aim is to provide students an avenue to the best Universities in pursuit of higher learning. The criterion for the selection of academic disciplines is on a needs basis. There is consideration for the needs of national corporations, government ministries as well as the private sector when selecting the disciplines (Taylor, and Albasri 110). The selection seeks to fulfill the needs of job markets in Saudi Arabia. Mostly, undergraduate students wishing to apply for the scholarship can only choose to do a course in medicine, medical science as well as health science. Flexibility in the course selection is only available for graduate applicants. Even though the Saudi Arabian government limits the choices students have, it does not choose what course each student will pursue (Taylor, and Albasri 110). The program aims at equipping Saudi youth with the necessary skills and expertise to develop government departments as well as the private se ctor. Its objective is to develop the Saudi human resource to be at par or competitive in world job markets. The program also aims at creating future leaders from the youth. Apart from developing the youth into leaders, the Scholarship program also serves another purpose. It seeks to cultivate patriotism, establish and develop cultural understanding with the countries in which the students study as well as foster cultural exchange. Such relations would be of great benefit not only to Saudi Arabia, but also to the host country.

Present and discuss the moral positions of Natural Law and Essay

Present and discuss the moral positions of Natural Law and Existentialism. Next evaluate the theories and discuss any relevant criticisms - Essay Example The same rationale continues that the right action is that which corresponds non-defectively with the good on the one hand. On the other hand, existential ethics places the individual as the primary point of concern and therefore, postulates that personal ethics and morality supersede popular ethics and social morality. The main underpinning of this ideological standpoint is existentialists’ belief in subjectivity of truth. In its bare form, existentialism is a cultural and philosophical movement which asserts that the genesis of philosophical thinking is individual experience and that scientific and moral thinking are insufficient in understanding human experience (Finnis, 32). Natural law has its strength being readily manifest in the complementary relationship between the law and morality. The law and natural law are seen to merge, since like the law, natural law becomes morally binding if it is just, able to be promulgated, directional towards common good, is made by someone holding appropriate authority and is reasonable. For instance, there can be no law that decriminalises any form of stealing or crimes against humanity since acts that bring about these crimes do not meet the qualities of natural law such as being geared towards common good. Secondly, the strength of natural law is seen in the fact that it supersedes the law, generatively. The fact that natural law is naturally knowable by all humans, with the good anteceding the right and comprising people’s natural and common ends makes the legislation against crime possible (Pearce, 1339). At its best, existentialism only fosters tolerance and at its worst, remains ultimately impractical. By saying that individual experience is the starting point in encountering the truth and that scientific and moral thinking are insufficient in understanding human experience, existentialists leave no room for the judgment of another person’s actions. However, existentialist ethics

Faith healing case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Faith healing case - Essay Example He provided the boy’s parents with information regarding the treatment that is available, and then explained to them the procedures that would have to be undertaken. The parents discussed the matter between themselves for two hours, and then told the physician that they had reached the decision to take their son to a faith healing service instead of seeking medical intervention. The physician tried to convince them of the futility of this action but to no avail. The parents left with their son after the physician gave them a return appointment, but they did not honor it. II. Ethical Question to be Answered Were the parents morally justified to deny their son much needed medical treatment in favor of faith healing? III. Proposed Answers to Ethical Question It is not morally permissible for the 10 year old boy’s parents to deny him medical treatment for leukemia, with the sole reason that the treatment will eventually fail to work, and they would have to take their son to a faith healing service after all. As much as medical treatment for the treatment of cancer is not completely effective, it is still the best shot at recovery that a patient could obtain since it has worked in numerous cases. Faith in the ability of God to heal cannot be disputed, but it has failed to provide positive results in many cases. It is morally wrong to deny a minor incapable of making important decisions for himself, necessary treatment that may save his life. Another matter that needs to be considered is the possibility that the boy might have opted for medical treatment if he were of age. Cancer therapy, including that specialized for leukemia, has proved effective in many cases, and there is evidence in terms of scientific studies and physicians’ reports to prove it. On the other hand, the boy’s parents would be at a loss at providing credible evidence to prove that faith healing is effective at curing cancer. IV. Objections to Proposed Answers and Respo nses to the Objections Objection (1): Parents have the authority to opt out of medical treatment for their child who is a minor in favor of other legal options, if the medical treatment has

Economics and Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics and Health Care - Research Paper Example Cost-minimization techniques, for example, can be used to select the method that uses the minimum resources to produce a certain health outcome. In addition, cost-utility analysis helps hospital management and doctors to evaluate treatments on the basis of â€Å"utility-based outcome units.† Implications of Poor Health Care System As economics mainly deals with market economy concerns, applying those principles to health care while ignoring the differences between health care and traditional consumer goods can lead to certain economic and social problems. Friedman (2013) has identified some of the weaknesses of the American health care system which can help to illustrate the impact of economics on health care systems as well as the costs of a poorly functioning health care system on society. The Medicaid system is an integral part of the American health care system. Since 1960, it has provided affordable health care to many Americans who could not afford it. Insurance companie s have also contributed much by reducing the costs of health care significantly for consumers. However, Friedman (2013) states that the American health care system is not as efficient as many claim it to be. Some of the so-called reforms to the health care system reflect misunderstanding of economic forces by policymakers. Friedman (2013) argues that current reforms are transferring a greater proportion of the health care costs from the insurance companies to those who need health care, with the effect that the consumer will become increasingly price-sensitive and quality health care will become beyond the reach of many Americans. This move is founded on the misplaced notion that insurance coverage encourages people to consume more health care services than they really... This research paper outlines the particularity of applying basic principles of economic to health care. Economics is a social science that seeks to explain how society allocates its scarce resources to satisfy the demand for goods . Howewer, health care is different from conventional goods and services There are a number of ways in which health care may be regarded as an economic good. There is an absence of a â€Å"market price† that is determined by the interaction of demand and supply forces in health care Economic principles can be used to ensure that equal use of health care services is provided to people with equal health care needs Measures such as cost-minimization analysis, cost effectiveness, cost-utility analysis and cost-benefit analysis can be used to maintain high levels of efficiency in the health care system. Friedman identified some of the weaknesses of the American health care system which can help to illustrate the impact of economics on health care systems as well as the costs of a poorly functioning health care system on society the Obamacare reforms have become controversial mainly because of the increased costs of providing federally subsidized insurance plans to consumers Hospital administrations in collaboration with insurers and other stakeholders have developed a host of statistical tools to monitor and evaluate the efficient of health care processes. There exists a statistical tool that compares whether individual physician treatments are more efficient compared to physician teams administering treatments. This tool is used to determine, for instance, whether solo physician treatment compared to group physician treatment may be more effective at reducing the number of patient visits to the physician

Analyzing and Reporting Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing and Reporting Results - Essay Example The objective was to produce a forceful story which would bring in or introduce the latest product, THE 2014 CLA coupe. The objective was to not only get in the public talking but also to start getting the public to pay attention and get engaged (Daimler, 2013). The CLA will be having a class that would not be comparable with others. As the car is another version of the CLS, therefore this one would also appeal and attract to the target customer groups that have a unique approach or non-conformist approach. The advertising campaign therefore places the car as an extraordinary vehicle as mentioned by Mr. Anders-Sundt Jensen. Mr. Anders-Sundt Jensen is the Head of Brand Communications at Mercedes-Benz Cars (Daimler, 2013). This tool is used by the Mercedes Benz Company to evaluate the effectiveness of the advertising campaign in terms of how much target market respond to the advertisement campaign, and how they perceive the brand, do they perceive the brand according to the company’s perception. And the brand is presenting some uniqueness or not.   According to Ace Metrics, an self-governing analytics corporation which measures the effectiveness of advertising campaign, â€Å"Soul† scored the uppermost of any automotive commercial and joined for the 4th highest score on the whole for all advertisements on the Super Bowl,† stated the Mercedes-Benz press release. As mentioned, there are number of statistical analysis methods that can be used. However BevCo should use moving average as the statistical tools. In the beverage industry, the sales are seasonal and therefore exponential smoothing moving average should be used in order to reduce the impact of seasonal variation and other irregularities (Hyndman, Koehler, Ord, and Snyder, 2008). Daimler. (2013). Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class establishes new segment: Sleek as they come. Retrieved May 31, 2013 from

Response to Nelson Mandela's Freedom Speech Coursework

Response to Nelson Mandela's Freedom Speech - Coursework Example I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunity. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die†. For years Mandela from banned from gatherings and was kept under strict police surveillance just because he had the courage and strength to stand up to racism. Despite being the savior of South Africa, Mandela in his address after being released from prison, regards himself a servant of his people. Mandela begins his freedom address by thanking the people around the world who have tirelessly supported the campaign for his release from jail. Mandela extends his heartfelt gratitude to everyone who has supported his ideas and has molded their lives in accordance with them. Mandela’s gratitude reflects his underlying greatness and dignity by thanking the people who have helped raise him to the pedestal he deserves. Nelson Ma ndela has always been a man of his words; often he has been observed saying â€Å"I will continue fighting until the end of my days†. The tiresome days and long dark nights at the Robben Island prison did not halt his struggle against white and black domination. For decades in prison, Mandela was deprived of simple pleasures of life. His daughter Zinzi grew up without a father but even in these grave circumstances, Mandela did not give up the struggle for his nation and his people. Instead Mandela utilized the debilitating environment of prison to reinforce his already entrenched habits. His resistance and steadfastness accelerated his popularity and he soon became the most significant and influential black leader in the history of South Africa. It is so unfortunate that our Country was thrown into an economical crisis and the lives of our people so brutally destroyed. We have to follow Nelson Mandela’s footsteps in order to be strong enough to guide our paths to enlig htenment. Madiba dedicated his life for freeing our lives from racism and it is now our duty to eliminate any future prospect of white oppression. This is only possible if we educate ourselves which is the best armor we can possibly have. We are in dire need of educating our children, for education is the wealth of nature. In his address, Mandela conveys to the nation that the only way to end exploitation and oppression is through the promotion of combined strength of the working class. Mandela points out that the strength of the working class is one of the most potent reasons for the success of the anti-apartheid movement. Through his address, Mandela also revives in the minds of his people, the struggle of great heroes like Hintsa and Sekhukune. Mandela pays his gratitude to the young individuals of his nation by referring to them as his young lions. He rightly points out that the problems plaguing the integrity of South Africa can only be abolished through endless efforts of the youth of the nation. He also extends his gratitude to mothers and sisters of the nation who undoubtedly have been the worst victims of apartheid. Due to the decisive mass action of the nation, Mandela rightly predicts that apartheid has no future in South Africa. He points out that the establishment of democracy is guaranteed through the mass campaign of defiance and other acts undertaken by his organization. Mandela draws the attentions of his fellows to the

Melting Pot versus Cultural Mosaic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Melting Pot versus Cultural Mosaic - Essay Example Those who adhere to a melting pot theory tend to be more traditional and/or conservative in nature. They see â€Å"America† as a white, English-speaking country in which minorities need to arrive and assimilate in a few years as possible. The multiculturalists tend to be left-leaning and seek to enable immigrants to maintain their own cultures while attempting to become American.The advantage of the melting pot theory is that it reflects what has largely happened to most immigrant groups in America. Thus the Italians, the Irish, the Eastern Europeans, and the Asians arrived at various times in American history and tended to adapt to the culture quickly. They learned English quickly and took on many of the characteristics of what it meant to â€Å"be American† at the specific time that they arrived. The melting pot is what actually happened. One of the disadvantages of the melting pot theory is that it reflects the situation in the past rather than the present. The same principles do not necessarily apply within the 21st Century that did in the 20th and 19th.   Also, the melting pot may be regarded as obliquely racist, requiring all immigrants to take on the characteristics of the dominant white European society.The advantage of the multicultural theory is that it allows for immigrants to maintain as much of their original identity as possible while becoming American. This enables the group to be stronger. One of the disadvantages of this theory is that there are virtually no examples of it having successfully occurred anywhere in the world in general, or within America in particular. A truly multicultural society would be perhaps hopelessly complicated. Unless the USA become like Switzerland, with many people speaking two or three languages it seems necessary for there to be one common language in order for the country to be successful. For a country to have a national identity its citizens need to be able to talk to one another. If they cannot, or if they maintain too much of a separate identity based upon their origins then the country may eventually split apart. This does not only happen in poor, chaotically run Third World countries: it is also happening in Canada with Quebec wanting to break away and become independent, largely because its people speak French and the rest of Canada speaks English.

The plays Miss Julie Essay Example for Free

The plays Miss Julie Essay The plays Miss Julie, August Strindberg, 1888 and A Dolls House, Henrik Ibsen, 1879 are two plays with a variety of themes and different views of life. But both plays have women as their major characters: Julie and Nora Helmer. The role of women in both plays is shown to be different. In Miss Julie, Strindberg shows women as inferior in society, as he believed that they were a secondary form of humans. In A Dolls House, at first, we think that Nora is a typical innocent wife. This leads Ibsen to relate women seen by society, as wives, mothers, and working at home. Ibsen wants to reinforce the subordination of the role of women to show the need for changes. A comparative study will be made of the lives of these two women and the role they occupy in each play. Julie is the mistress of the house, with Jean, the valet and Kristin, the cook. All the events and problems happening in the play could be a result of certain circumstances: first, her feminist mothers primary instincts about men made her disgusted and horrified about them. The absence of her father leads to an incomplete rising of herself. She had just broken off her engagement and her ex-fianci had an influence on her depravation. Also, it was in Midsummer Eve, she was in her period; she loved dancing, and was influenced by the flowers. Julie starts as superior to Jean in terms of class, as she is from an aristocratic family and Jean is her fathers servant. She manipulates him in the start: Supposing I order you to Julie (pg 81), Ill obey Jean (pg 81). Miss Julie starts making advances to Jean, who becomes worried about her reputation, becomes wild calling him to dance, and he ends up conquering her sexually. Jean thought that having sex with her would probably help him to better his social status, but he discovers she is penniless and so desists. Jean at first was in love with Julie, idealizes her at the start but once he had had her, he starts to degrade Julie. Julie becomes a sick woman, suffering from hysteria and feminine masochism, Julie had the desire to fall and be dominated by a man. Now Julie was totally dependent upon Jean. Jean was superior to Julie in terms of morality as he was a man and she was a degenerate woman. Strindberg wants to show that Jeans power over Julie is not because of the fact that he is rising socially but only because he is a man. This shows how maleness is a sign of superior status. Julie suffers a severe depression and humiliation as the sexual affair with Jean pushed her to the edge. Julie degrades herself when taking the initiative and sleeping with Jean, places herself beneath his level, destroyed the image of the woman.

Emergency Response Plan Essay Example for Free

Emergency Response Plan Essay The rationale for an emergency response plan on a construction site is to have a well organized plan of action in place to be prepared to immediately respond to various types of emergencies. The environment of construction sites can change constantly which is why it’s important to plan carefully before projects begin and make adjustments if necessary. As our text states, preparation involves planning, practicing, evaluation and adjusting to specific circumstances (Goetsch, 2003). Proper preparation and response helps the situation to be quickly controlled and could prevent panic, decrease the possibility of injury, death and damage. The Emergency planning and community Right to Know Act provides information about hazardous chemicals available to a community where they are being used so residents can protect themselves in case of an emergency. The Emergency planning and community Right to Know Act has four components that include: emergency planning, emergency notification, toxic chemical release reporting and information requirements. There must be one person in charge and everyone involved must know that person is. There should be a designated person or people trained to administer first aid and first aid kits should be stocked and readily available. An emergency action plan (EAP) should include various plans for each anticipated emergency, that should include the following components: procedures, coordination, assignments and responsibilities, accident prevention strategies and schedules. They should be customized by location and should include a map, organizational chart, local coordination information and local training schedules. There should be an emergency response team (ERT) to handle general and localized emergencies, facilitate evacuations and shutdowns, protect and salvage company property and work with local authorities. There should also be a trauma response team (TRT) should consist of health and safety personnel who have had special training or credentialed counseling to help employees with what they have experienced after being involved in an emergency situation. TRTs are able to recognize symptoms of employees who need professional care and refer them to qualified care providers (Goetsch, 2003). Works Cited Goetsch, D. L. (2003). Construction Safety and Health. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Ed,

What Is Necessary To Be A Hero?

What Is Necessary To Be A Hero? How would the world be, without those people who are always doing something to help others. They are called heroes. Heroes are individuals who demonstrate bravery and altruism for superior and virtuous good of humans when they are in danger. A hero is also someone who can provide his or her existence to people. Although the concept is related with ferocity, a hero is defined as someone with moral brilliance. It is easy to mention several examples of heroes since the beginning of history, but the important thing is that they share some features, which make them different from the rest of people. However, there are some people who think that heroes are just in movies or myths and that they look like athletes or actors (http://www.studymode.com/essays/Characteristics-Hero-58475.html), but the fame or the aptitude are not the characteristics that make a person be a hero. There are three basic characteristics of a hero: the value and dignity of human life, the faith in self and his or her actions, and courage which can confront whatever comes. There are some heroes that are known as noble and that have a wonderful effect on people, such as Mahata Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Most heroes are just normal people that come from family, neighbors, and the community, but something important about heroes is that they respect human life. Heroes respect human life because they take care of peoples lives, and are always fighting for peoples rights to give them the life that they deserve. Heroes expose their life for people and they like to take care of people. They also dedicate their life to make others lives better, since they think that peoples lives are important. They risk their life for others. All these things make their passion for people obvious. Heroes always want to get peoples rights. This kind of problem always happens if they are between people and a high position or organization such as a government or people who work with the government. There is an example of that kind of heroes: Martin Luther King. He made the Africa Americans get their rights. He made them get their freedom. Finally, he achieved his goal. In all, heroes are the hardest times and difficult situations. They respect human life because they know that it deserves it, and that human life is a value or an important gift. They care about people and they also help people get their rights. Everything in human life has advantages and disadvantages. Also, people determine which they choose. Sometimes heroes help people be in good shape or get new knowledge. Nowadays, people pay more attention to heroes because heroes are always doing adventures to draw peoples attention. It can be easy to see that heroes are not regular individuals, since they are not able to do what heroes can do. There are a lot of heroes that are really famous in this time, for example: Iron Man and Spider Man. People believe that they are different and that anyone can be like them because they are not real individuals. People know a lot of things about heroes, but some people think that they are able to be like them and this is impossible because what heroes do is out of imagination and nobody can do it. For example, Spider man is called a hero because he can go up the high buildings and fly in the air without injuries. However, people have to know and believe they cannot do what they watch on the T.V. In contrast, a person can be a hero to someone, or society. People will like the person if he or she is a hero to the whole society. There are some different kinds of heroes that common people look up to, but in a friendly sort of way, like firefighters and police. In some circumstances, they need to risk their lives to save someone else. The important thing to remember is that being a hero is something that starts from the heart. Moreover, everyone dreams of being a superhero. However, as they get older, people will realize that they do not possess the supernatural powers of Spiderman or Batmans primo cache of gadgets. And also they notice the absence of the kind of otherworldly arch nemeses that plague a comic book heroes in the real world. The idea of being a hero is gradually as kids stuff, but while evildoers may not appear in the real world painted up as sadistic clowns, the world has never ceased its need for heroic men willing to come to help those in danger and stand up for what is right. To sum up, people have to read more about heroes to know what happened around them and to know what has to believe. Heroes always do something different from others in order to become more and more famous. Heroism means a person who is always acting to protect other individuals or society in a special way, even though this kind of behavior will risk a persons life. Depending on its nature, heroism requires physical courage, both physical and mental. A traditional hero often risks death or injury. The defiance of death becomes one of the accepted signs of heroism as a way to get peoples attention. A hero may lose his or her life when enhancing others welfare. Actually, the hero considers that the purpose is more important than the risk of death or injury (162). Even though in this century, when saving others, a hero sometimes should face the injury and death. Thus, it is necessary to say heroism needs courage. The physical courage enables the hero to face the difficulties and to do the preparation of surrendering their own comfort in order to achieve their goals. The mental courage of a hero wants him or her to know the accepted truths and yet not be limited by them. In a fairy tale, a child says loudly that the emperor wears no clothes just because of innocence, not courage. However, heroic men are aware of the danger and still want to make people recognize the truth. For them, it is not enough for people to think traditionally and they choose to let the public understand clearly (163). The heroic act may be against the habits and customs of the society. Disagreement is inevitable although supporters do not happily welcome opposition. A hero needs mental strength to keep energy and talent when facing personal loss, difficulties or disapproval. Ostracism or expulsion will take place. Obviously, a hero may be lonely and sometimes cannot get the recognition or encouragement (163). Courage helps a hero overcome the loneliness, regard the disagreement and persist in pursuing his or her goals. Thus, it is almost unnecessary to say that heroism requires courage, both physical and mental. After see these characteristics that are typical or the expected about heroes, there are several characteristics that the real heroes have. As is it mentioned before heroes are not just those ones that we can see in movies, myths, and other fabulous stories. The concept of a hero is more than that, since a hero can be anyone. There are various characteristics that real heroes have, within these are: that heroes are surprising, unfamiliar, normal and conventional, they become heroes by confronting difficulties, they fight for others, and they have no fear. Almost in all the heroic acts people is amazed and surprised by the shocking and unexpected brave action of someone that seemed normal. This is another characteristic of a hero, anyone expect her or his actions, and anyone expect the problem neither. For instance, there is a group of students taking their daily classes, when they are surprised by a huge earthquake, and there is one student who takes the decision to help and save to her or his peers. This is an unexpected action, made it by a normal person, who became a hero in a surprising way. Sometimes people expected good actions or get to know to those famous heroes or super heroes, but heroes can be unfamiliar or unknown persons. Not all the heroes are in the movies, magazines or something more credible like newspaper. The majority of heroes are lack of fame, because not all of them tell to everyone the good actions that they did before. Heroes are normal and common people. How many times did someone see to Spider man or Batman doing something for a child in trouble, or helping to a senior to cross the street? A hero is someone who is doing something good for others, so all the good actions that most of people can see every day are made by heroes. These heroes can be found day to day, no matter if the actions are very little or big and famous, but the real heroes are normal people. If there is no danger or something wrong is not necessary to do something good or to turn a normal person into a hero. Heroes convert into a hero during a situation that demands it. For instance: there are a lot of people sleeping at 1:00am in one of the dormitories, and there is a fire, someones roommate is not able to go out of the dorm so her or his peer decide to help her or him to go out before something bad happened. Another example can be when sometimes there is a kid into the pool playing without parents attention and the lifeguard is distracted by other things, while the kid is drowning in the pool, but there is a normal guy who is near and when he see this, he decide to save the kid immediately. Without these terrible situations either the good roommate or the guy cannot turn into a hero. Even though these heroic actions are not on the newspaper or on the television, there are two persons benefited by them. Also heroes have an original perspective that make them different from others As mentioned before, there are several examples of different kinds of heroes and also different concepts of them. However, there is a convergence between them, and it is that all of them share the same values and attitudes included in their features. All heroes start to do their good actions because they are generally encouraged by the value and dignity of human life, since they know that human life is worthy and they completely understand that because it is always oriented to do something to value human life. Another characteristic of heroes is the faith in themselves and their actions; otherwise, they cannot have the courage to do those unbelievable and brave actions. Thus, with confidence any person can do something for their lives or others lives. Although the heroes that we know have done some incredible actions, every person has inside a hero who has the ability to confront the difficult situations that he or she has to go through every day with courage, respecting others and d oing all the actions with faith (http://www.personalitytutor.com/qualities-of-a-hero.html).

Misunderstandings :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus far this semester, we have learned of how language functions as a whole on society, but Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll be doing something a little different. Let me start off with a question. Who here has gotten into a fight with their significant other or just a friend of the opposite sex over a misunderstanding, misinterpretation, or feel that they are just speaking another language and you donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t understand them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This so-called phenomenon is best described by the metaphor of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"men are from mars and women are from venusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s why we speak different languages. We donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t really come from different planets, but we are very different in our communication styles. Our expression of language is affected by our sex and gender. This is epitomized by the ever so popular clichÃÆ' © of, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t understand women/men.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? And this clichÃÆ' © was verified by your answers to the question I just posed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the most obvious function of language is to communicate information, language also contributes to at least two other equally important, but less often recognized, functions: (1) to establish and maintain social relationships, and (2) to express and create the social identity of the speaker. In my paper I will attempt to verify how language is affected by sex and gender. My primary focus will be on Deborah Tannenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work on understanding women and men in conversation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tannen discusses many disparities in language caused by gender such as men often seeking straightforward solutions to problems and useful advice whereas women tend to try and establish intimacy by discussing problems and showing concern and empathy in order to reinforce relationships. Female subculture uses language to build equal relationships, while male subculture uses language to build hierarchical relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If conforming to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that language shapes the way we see the world, language allows people to pass on ideas influencing the younger generation. The gender identity that accompanies our sex is predetermined by our parentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of sex and gender. Typically, little girls are raised to be sensitive and soft and to express their feelings, but boys are asked to be tough and detached from their emotions. Take for example a boy and a girl who play together and both fall down. Typically, the girl would be allowed to cry and will be picked up and taken care of while the little boy would be asked to stop crying and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"suck it up.

Anne Spencer :: essays research papers

The Atypical Woman in a Typical World Do many people know who Anne Spencer is? Probably not. Anne Spencer was a Harlem Renaissance poet who actually lived in Lynchburg, Virginia. She immensely enjoyed working in her garden and spending time in Edankraal, a small cottage in her garden where she wrote most of her poetry. Though Anne was a hard worker, she definitely was not a typical woman of the early 20th century. Anne and her husband, Edward, did many things that were not typical during the early 20th century, but these "atypical" characteristics made the couple very unique. Anne was the "unannounced" valedictorian of her class at the Virginia Theological Seminary and College (Potter 129). This was unusual because at the time African American women were able to attend school, but most did not go to college, much less become the valedictorian of the graduating class. Though some say that Anne was not the valedictorian of her class, but rather a shy girl was the valedictorian, and Anne definitely was not shy ("Anne Bethel"). Anne’s intelligence definitely shows throughout her work. Spencer did not work simply to earn money; she worked because she enjoyed what she was doing. According to A History of Women in the West, the women of the early 20th century were still working at home, keeping the children, doing house chores, and some even worked on the farm. When World War I broke out because of the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand, most women went to work in factories (24). Anne did not work in a factory; but she did work at Jones Memorial Library’s Dunbar Branch for $75 a month. Anne was not the typical librarian hired for this job. Though the library only served African American patrons, the position as a librarian normally went to a white person. She convinced the employer that she was qualified by showing him/her that she was a published poet. She also taught at her alma mater, the Virginia Theological Seminary and College for free, just because she loved teaching (Clark). On the other hand, Edward was Lynchburg, Virginia’s fir st parcel postman. Not only was this an enormous achievement for the city of Lynchburg, but also because Edward was an African American. Edward also helped out with the family grocery store which was close to their home on 1313 Pierce Street. The pay he received helped the family’s financial situation tremendously (Salmon 18).

Irony in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Irony in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will discuss the issue of irony in Hamlet by dealing with the problems that arise as a result of Hamlet's attempt to avenge his father's death. One of the central problems is the clash between Hamlet's overpowering need to believe in the ghost of his father, who is the authoritative figure in his life, and the awareness that he lacks empirical knowledge of the truth. In trying to achieve this knowledge, Hamlet sets out on a mixed mission of accusation, revenge and the search for truth, finally causing the upset of the original revenge plot when it ricochets off Polonius' dead body and hits Hamlet in the name of Laertes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a tragedy, Hamlet deals very heavily in anguish and frustration that are not necessarily allowed the means to be resolved or dissipated.   Marvin Rosenberg notes in his essay, "Subtext in Shakespeare", that in tragedies, there are greater uncertainties and the "mystery of the character deepens, and the subtext is subtler, more open to variable interpretation"(82). Hence, unlike Viola, Hamlet's actions overlay motivations of greater ambiguity and these actions, as the play progresses, seemed that they are not primed to make the situation come a full circle. Instead of a an equilibrium, therefore, one finds a form of usurpation where the crown of Denmark, represented by both Claudius and Hamlet, is removed and taken by a foreign prince, Fortinbras.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's desire for vengeance came about as a result of the ghost's appearance and his accusatory speech in which he extorts his son to "Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder" (1.5.25). Hamlet is at once struck with the problem of whether he should believe that the ghost is really that of his father and ... ... 1998. Kreiger, Elliot. "Malvolio and Class Ideology". Bloom (19-26). Leverenz, David. "The Woman in Hamlet: An Interpersonal View". Schwartz, Murray M. and Coppelia Kahn, eds. Representing Shakespeare: New Psychoanalytic Essays. Baltimore: John Hopkins U P, 1980. Nevo, Ruth. Comic Transformations in Shakespeare. London: Methuen & Co., 1980. Rosenberg, Marvin. "Subtext in Shakespeare". Thompson, Marvin, and Ruth Thompson, eds. Shakespeare and the Sense of Performance. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1989. (79-90). Shakespeare, William. The New Cambridge Shakespeare: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip Edwards. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1985. Thatcher, David. Begging to Differ: Modes of Discrepancy in Shakespeare. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. Vickers, Brian. Appropriating Shakespeare: Contemporary Critical Quarrels. New Haven: Yale U P, 1993    Irony in Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet Irony in Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will discuss the issue of irony in Hamlet by dealing with the problems that arise as a result of Hamlet's attempt to avenge his father's death. One of the central problems is the clash between Hamlet's overpowering need to believe in the ghost of his father, who is the authoritative figure in his life, and the awareness that he lacks empirical knowledge of the truth. In trying to achieve this knowledge, Hamlet sets out on a mixed mission of accusation, revenge and the search for truth, finally causing the upset of the original revenge plot when it ricochets off Polonius' dead body and hits Hamlet in the name of Laertes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a tragedy, Hamlet deals very heavily in anguish and frustration that are not necessarily allowed the means to be resolved or dissipated.   Marvin Rosenberg notes in his essay, "Subtext in Shakespeare", that in tragedies, there are greater uncertainties and the "mystery of the character deepens, and the subtext is subtler, more open to variable interpretation"(82). Hence, unlike Viola, Hamlet's actions overlay motivations of greater ambiguity and these actions, as the play progresses, seemed that they are not primed to make the situation come a full circle. Instead of a an equilibrium, therefore, one finds a form of usurpation where the crown of Denmark, represented by both Claudius and Hamlet, is removed and taken by a foreign prince, Fortinbras.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's desire for vengeance came about as a result of the ghost's appearance and his accusatory speech in which he extorts his son to "Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder" (1.5.25). Hamlet is at once struck with the problem of whether he should believe that the ghost is really that of his father and ... ... 1998. Kreiger, Elliot. "Malvolio and Class Ideology". Bloom (19-26). Leverenz, David. "The Woman in Hamlet: An Interpersonal View". Schwartz, Murray M. and Coppelia Kahn, eds. Representing Shakespeare: New Psychoanalytic Essays. Baltimore: John Hopkins U P, 1980. Nevo, Ruth. Comic Transformations in Shakespeare. London: Methuen & Co., 1980. Rosenberg, Marvin. "Subtext in Shakespeare". Thompson, Marvin, and Ruth Thompson, eds. Shakespeare and the Sense of Performance. Newark: U of Delaware P, 1989. (79-90). Shakespeare, William. The New Cambridge Shakespeare: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip Edwards. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 1985. Thatcher, David. Begging to Differ: Modes of Discrepancy in Shakespeare. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. Vickers, Brian. Appropriating Shakespeare: Contemporary Critical Quarrels. New Haven: Yale U P, 1993   

How to Increase Medication Compliance in Children with ADHD Essay

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is an enduring mental disorder that may become noticeable in a child’s formative preschool years. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention ADHD affects approximately 7 percent of the school-aged population and, for that reason, has turned into a public health concern (Medical News Today, 2007). Treatment compliance is exceptionally vital in view of the fact that the success of the medication depends on consistent administration. Unfortunately, hardly any children with ADHD are capable of assuming full responsibility for their medication. In view of that, the underlying principle of this study is not just to present another piece of information to the already vast literature on ADHD. Instead, the author aims to specifically examine how to enhance medication compliance in children with ADHD. Existing studies will provide the author an overview on how ADHD medication compliance among children has been approached within the past years. Accordingly, a careful investigation in the current approach, future strategies, and obstacles will be done in this self-effacing research. Moreover, anticipated changes, that will present a forecast on what will transpire in the future if the proposed medication in children with ADHD is effectively complied with, will be done in this research. Background of the Critical Issue ADHD is a form of brain disorder that sets off difficulty in concentration and attention, as well as can cause problems of being compulsive, which is the hyperactivity aspect of it (Reporter News, 2009). Children with ADHD may easily misplace several things or get bored really easily. Sometimes they demonstrate irritability problems when they get anxious and edgy. Moreover, they normally divulge unrelated things during conversations. While symptoms of ADHD may appear to be childlike and merely annoying to observers, if left untreated or medication is not complied with, the pervasive and persistent effects of the symptoms can severely and insidiously interfere with one’s ability to maintain a generally positive self-esteem, maintain and establish interpersonal relationships, carry out one’s potential in the workplace, and to get the most out of education. With that, ADHD has become the most commonly identified and studied psychiatric disorder in children. However, notwithstanding the numerous ADHD studies undertaken, only a handful of articles explain how to increase medication compliance in children with ADHD and, consequently, only pieces and bits of information become known in published sources. At present, what experts know about medication compliances are merely information from few studies and experiences from other chronic conditions. The only interventions directly referable to ADHD are derived from specialty treatment centres that exchange information when clinicians convene at symposiums (Dodson, 2006, p. 1). With this regard, this paper will comprehensively examine current and planned approaches on how to increase medication compliance in children with ADHD. Current Research Management together with medication has been presently believed to be the most cost-effective approach in increasing medication compliance. Some of the known medicines for ADHD are atomoxetine, pemoline, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate and a combination drug known as Adderall. These medicines are believed to increase medication compliance since they are seen to improve concentration and attention, and decrease overactive and impulsive behaviours among patients. However, with the idea that it is advantageous for children to have a few days per week to be prescription free, many of them take their medication only during school days. These children even experience a drug holiday during holidays or summer; therefore, allowing their bodies to function for a period of time exclusive of the aforesaid medications. In addition, researchers currently recommend a multi-tiered approach to children medication compliance, proposing more exhaustive services to children in greatest need and more traditional services to at-risk children; they believe that this may be the most cost-effective and practical strategy for helping preschoolers prevail over academic and behavioural challenges (Medical News Today, 2007). Accordingly, early medication and intervention compliance techniques generally consist of extremely individualized school programs that normally relies reinforcement behaviour on positive supports. For instance, in consultation with preschool teachers the National Institute of Mental Health researchers attempted to increase medication compliance and provide effective intervention by modifying the school environments, such as altering classroom activities and tasks in order to accommodate ADHD students (Medical News Today, 2007). Proposal for Change  Treatment adherence and compliance are vital issues in the management of every chronic psychiatric and medical condition. ADHD shares a number of the barriers to adequate compliance that is common to all chronic conditions. For instance, many people believe that children would â€Å"grow out† ADHD as symptoms of the disorder generally get better as children learn to adjust and grow older. Apparently, however, this is not true for the majority of children. A noticeable number of children who have ADHD continue to be hot tempered, have mood swings, easily distracted, and are incapable of completing tasks. In addition, many people believe that ADHD is a school-based disorder. As a result, the consequences of non-treatment adherence and compliance take place mostly outside the school environment, when children with ADHD are least expected to have been prescribed medication. Strategies The good thing about finding out Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder early and treating it early is that children are more expected to live to their full potential (Reporter News, 2009). However, children who have ADHD may have trouble and difficulty in understanding directions, particularly in complying medications. This can be very challenging not only to doctors and teachers, but also to parents, as it can cause a great deal of time, patience as well as trouble to the family. Parents need to adjust their home life to some extent in order to assist their child. In view of that, parents should make a schedule by setting specific times for going to bed, waking up, playing video games or watching TV, doing chores, doing homework, playing, eating and taking medicines. Schedule should be placed where the child is most expected to see it always, and if there are intended changes to the routine, parents should clarify the aforesaid changes in advance. Parents should also make simple house rules, and to spell out what will happen when the rules are broken as well as when they are obeyed. Likewise, parents should ensure that the rules are understood by their child. They should get their child’s attention by making an eye contact with them. Parents should then tell their child in a calm and clear voice what they want the child to follow. Nevertheless, parents should keep all instructions short and simple, and must ask their child to repeat the said instructions back to them. Finally, parents should ensure that their child is appropriately supervised all the time, as well as commend their child when the latter completes a task. For that reason, parents should reward these excellent behaviours. Obstacles Most people, including healthcare providers, still perceive ADHD as a strictly academic dilemma. This observation is reflected in medication patterns showing a large number of school-age children being exclusively treated Monday through Friday, from 7 in the morning to 3 in the afternoon but not on weekends, evenings, or during summer vacations and holidays (Dodson, 2006, p. ). This is particularly depressing given the extensive study on the alarming consequences of non-treatment. Anticipated Changes If left untreated, children with ADHD have significantly greater possibility of being involved in illegal activity, becoming divorced or separated, having an unexpected pregnancy, contracting a sexually transmitted disease, being involved in serious accidents, and developing substance use disorders. However, a growing amount of evidence reveals that successful medication reduces the possibility of these untreated ADHD outcomes to be found in non-ADHD general population (Dodson, 2006, p. 2). Accordingly, children who have supportive and loving parents who continuously work for the their wellbeing at home alongside mental health workers, school staff, and their doctor have the most excellent chance of becoming normal upon reaching adult age. Conclusion Up to 7 percent of American students suffer from Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD. However, this research concludes that ADHD is not just a school-based disorder in view of the fact that children with ADHD can also cause and experience troubles at home. Unfortunately, considering the high level of research in children with ADHD, little information is available on out of school interventions that help improve patient medication compliance. Children with ADHD require continuous encouragements and clear structure, both in school and home, in order for them to experience behavioural changes and, consequently, increase medication compliance. Therefore, aside from medicines, doctors and teachers efforts, parents must also make a religious endeavour in taking care of their child with ADHD at home since it is strongly believed that ADHD medication does not end at school or clinics. Children who have ADHD tend to need clearer and more structured guidance, and home environment presents an enormous weight of realizing this appropriate guidance. Suggestions for Additional Information Tics and Tourette’s Syndrome, Changing Your Childs Behaviour, ADHD Medicines, Parenting Tips, Treating ADHD Medication.

Empowerment Approach to Human Services Management Paper Essay

In organizational decision making, many individuals should be involved in order to ensure that everyone involved or touched by organizational activities in one way or another is not affected negatively by the decisions made and arrived at by decision makers. Consulting widely before making a decision enables decision makers in the organization make all-round and informed decisions, and decisions that satisfy anyone who is in any way connected to the organization (Donna, 2012). In an organization, clients are the ones who are served by the organization. The affairs of clients are affected directly by any given decision made. Client’s inclusion in decision making process would be of great significance in making them feel to be more of a part of the organizational activities. Clients would be included in the decision making process through requesting them to give their opinions by dropping them in drop boxes in the organization. The opinions given by the clients in the opinion drop boxes would be considered by the management when making decisions in various sectors of the organization. Another way that the organization would include clients in the decision making process is by regularly contacting clients through email and through phone calls and asking the clients questions on the various services offered by the organization. Client’s response would either advocate for improvement in certain areas of organizational activities or express their satisfaction for the services offered. The ideas and opinions of the clients would be incorporated after being analyzed so that greater focus can be done to adjust operations in areas that clients are displeased with (Adams, 2013). Empowering consumers is one of the vital things an organization would engage in enhancing a positive and close relationship between the organization and the clients. Pricing would play an integral role in ensuring that customers  have access to quality products and services by the organization. Prices of the different products and services of the organization should be market specific. The economic capability and disposable income of clients should be put into consideration in setting prices for the products and services offered by the organization. By matching prices with the economic capability of a people, it would be much easier to for customers to access the products and services without straining or having to compromise and going for other products of lower quality (Donna, 2012). Services to consumers of the products and services of the organization would be heightened since the kind of services offered determines whether customers are retained and it is a means of attracting new customers. Workers in the organization would be expected to treat clients with respect and serve them diligently so that they feel welcome. Workers who are directly interacting with clients would have a set code of conduct that would guide their actions. Mishandling customers inappropriately would be subject to penalties. Meeting Diverse Cultural Needs Since people and customers to be specific come from different cultural backgrounds, considering and understanding the cultural background and practices of every market niche. In ensuring that the organizational activities do not conflict with the cultures of clients and that they suit the needs of the cultures, the following would be done by the organization; In posting managers to different places where the organization operates, the organization would ensure that the managers are fully aware of the cultures of the people of the regions where they are posted. Managers are the guide and controllers of the various activities that an organization and these activities should be directed and delegated in accordance or in line with the cultures of the people of a place. This would ensure that the organization supplements and do not undermine the cultural practices of people (Adams, 2013). Advertisements could be a cause of conflict between the cultures of a people and the organization. Ce rtainly, advertisement is done in order to meet certain goals and objectives. Advertising should be done in line with the cultures of the people. Advertisements done should not undermine the culture of the people. The affairs of the people in terms of their culture are equally important since those who products are  advertisements are made to be the target market of the organization’s products and services. In enhancing equality and as a show of consideration for the socioeconomic backgrounds of customers, the organization would ensure that it prices its products in the most efficient way possible so that both the organization and the customers are not affected negatively by the pricing. The products and services of the organization should be set at a fair price. Overpricing would scare customers and this would lead to reduced sales by the organization as well as denied access to products and services due to a weak socioeconomic ability and background of customers (Adams, 2013). The organizational products and services should be in line with the spiritual beliefs and activities of the people. If a product or a service sends the wrong message to the spiritual elite of a place, then the product or service should not be sold at that particular to avoid conflicts with the people (Hodge, 2001). The products and serves of an organization should be fit for use by customers at different age brackets. The products and services of the organization would be diversified in order to ensure that they meet the requirements of people at all age groups without discrimination. This would create a wider consumer base for the products of the company and it would make it easier for customers to select products and services according to what suits them best (Hodge, 2001).   Team Building and Collaboration in the Organization Team building and promoting a collaborative spirit among employees is one of the most essential ways of enhancing increased productivity in the organizatio n. In enhancing team building, the following should be done or undertaken; Create working groups in the organization where each group has clearly stated and defined goals to achieve at the end of a working activity, ensure that the role to be played by each and every individual in the team is well defined to roles and powers to avoid overriding powers and responsibilities and ensure that meetings to assess the performance of the team are done regularly. This way, a strong and formidable team would be built and this would make it easy to manage team members and at the same time, enhance the productivity of team members and the organization as a whole (Donna, 2012). Replace the level two heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. Evaluation Evaluation is of great importance in ensuring that employees in the organization remain productive and valuable to the organization. Evaluation would be done on an annual basis to establish those employees who need to be promoted and those who need further training. Response from clients would be used and applied to enhance and improve on the operations of the company so that the needs and requirements of the customers can be met. Staff members within the agency would be consulted on various issues in the organization to ensure that decisions made are in the best of their interests and make them feel more as part of the organization. Having an agency go through quarterly evaluations to see if the organization of the agency is working well for professionals and clients. Clients are always encouraged to provide feedback on the services they receive and on the way the facility is being ran. This feedback helps us determine what to change for future evaluations. Feedback can be left by survey, internet and by person. In conclusion, helping individuals is a process that empowers society by acting on issues that they define as important, an organization strives to teach individuals skills and knowledge that will motivate them to take steps to improve their own lives. References 1. Adams, R. (2003). Social work and empowerment. Palgrave: Macmillan. 2. Cowger, C. (1994). Assessing client strengths: clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 262 – 268. 3. Donna, H. (2012). Interpersonal Social Work Skills for Community Practice. Springer Publishing Company. 4. Hodge, D. (2001). Spiritual assessment: a review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work , 203-214

Artificial Intelligence paper

The design of the system was the result of a project funded by the Greek Secretariat of Research and Technology . It will operate in the National Center of Immediate Assistance (KEBAB in Greek), which deals with emergency medical incidents by coordinating and routing ambulances to appropriate hospitals and health units as well as offering medical care to patients during their transport to hospitals. Our research unit was mainly responsible for designing the GIS subsystem, which constitutes the primary focus of this paper.The paper is an extended version of one presented at Delegate 2000 (Drinkers, Gorillas, Makers, Presents, Siestas, & Disallows, 2000). An operation with substantial importance for the handling of emergency incidents is the routing of an ambulance to an incident site and from there to the closest appropriate hospital. The optimal routes correspond to minimum required transportation times. Finding such routes may prove to be time-consuming in the case of large cities s uch as Athens with very dense road networks.However, by exploiting recent advances in the field of data structures, the performance of a shortest-path algorithm in terms of the required computational time can be significantly enhanced. The incorporation of the enhanced shortest-path algorithm thin the GIS will lower our system's response time, thus increasing its inability. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly presents primary aspects of a Gig's facilities in modeling and analyzing spatial networks. In Section 3 the overall integrated system is described. Section 4 deals with the GIS subsystem and describes its key functions.Section 5 briefly explains how the performance of a shortest-path algorithm can be enhanced, while Section 6 demonstrates how to incorporate this enhanced algorithm within a commercial GIS such as Raccoon. Finally, Section 7 summarizes the results of the project. . Modeling and analysis of spatial networks GIS technology integrates common databa se operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps (SERIES Web site; Franklin, 1992; Mueller, 1993). Among other things, a GIS facilitates the modeling of spatial networks (e. . Road networks), Other partners in this project were the University of Piraeus, the National Technical University of Athens, the Aristotle University of Thessalonians and the companies ITCH G. Drinkers et al. / Compute. , Environ. And Urban Systems 25 (2001) 267-278 69 offering algorithms to query and analyze them. Spatial networks are modeled with graphs. In the case of road networks, the graph's arcs correspond to street segments whereas the nodes correspond to street segment intersections. Each arc has a weight associated with it, representing the impedance (cost) of traversing it.In most cases, an arc's impedance is a function of the corresponding street segment's length and traffic volume. A GIS usually provides a number of tools for the analysis of spatial networks. It generally offers tools to find the shortest or minimum impedance route wrought a network and heuristic procedures to find the most efficient route to a series of locations, commonly called the traveling salesman problem. Allocation functions assign portions of the network to a resource supply location and tracing tools provide a means to determine whether one location in a network is connected to another.Distance matrix calculation can be used to calculate distances between sets of origins and destinations whereas location-allocation functions determine site locations and assign demand to sites. Moreover, street addresses can be converted to map coordinates (address coding). Finally, dynamic segmentation operations offer ways of modeling events (e. G. Pavement quality, speed zones) along routes (SERIES Web site). These capabilities of GIS for analyzing spatial networks enable them to be used as decision support systems for the districti ng and routing of vehicles (Grassland, Wynn, & Perkins, 1995; Keenan, 1996, 1998). . The overall integrated system Up till now, Kebab's employees were using paper maps and their own experience in order to achieve the effective routing and districting of ambulances. However, these two functions, which constitute significant areas in the field of decision support yeasts (Eom, Lee, & Kim, 1993), require the integration of a computer-based system with geographic analysis and visualization tools and a telecommunication network. The operation of the integrated system will automate and enhance many of Kebab's services. The system's architecture is depicted in Fig. 1.It is based on the integration of GIS, GASP and GSM technologies. The GASP and GSM technologies will be used to transmit the exact positions of ambulances to the GIS operating in Kebab's Operations Center. The integration of these technologies enables the management of vehicles such as many trucks, patrol cars and ambulances (H auberk, 1995). All these applications are parts of the new emerging disciplines of teleprocessing and telecommunication (Laurie, 1999, 2000; Tanzania, 2000). Each ambulance will be equipped with a GASP receiver to determine its exact position based on the signal transmitted by satellites.In addition, it will have a GSM modem in order to transmit its position to the base station in the Operations Center. This will be achieved through the GSM network. Furthermore, through the GSM network other be equipped with a computer or a 270 Fig. 1 . The overall integrated system. Mobile data terminal to display the route computed by the GIS operating in the Operations Center. Kebab's Operations Center will exchange data with the ambulances through the GSM network. It will receive the ambulance positions and will use the GIS to perform the functions described in Section 4.The optimal route calculated for a specific ambulance will be transmitted to it. In the Operations Center there will be a comp uter dedicated to communication with the ambulances and another one for the operation of the GIS. In addition, there will be one or more computers for the operation of the database management system (DB'S) containing data used by the GIS. Nowadays, most GIS software packages offer a rich set of tools and extensions, enabling the incorporation of GASP data and offering real-time tracking capabilities.SERIES Archive, for instance, offers an extension called Tracking Analyst that allows direct feed and playback of real-time data within the Archive GIS environment (SERIES Web site). The system's architecture follows the centralized approach (Laurie, 2000; Tanzania, 2000) whereby a control center (in our case Kebab's Operations Center) coordinates the fleet of mobile vehicles. Data from the vehicles and sensors are sent to this center and, after being evaluated, data and instructions are transmitted to the vehicles. A strong point of this architecture is the easiness with which it is des igned. 71 However, the danger of a crash in the control center constitutes a major weakness (Lament, 2000; -rant, 2000). 4. The GIS subsystem The GIS will make use of various data that are either stored in spatial databases and DB'S or transmitted through the GSM network. Spatial data will cover the road network, the locations of hospitals and medical centers, the positions of ambulances, he distribution of incidents occurring in the past, the distribution of population characteristics (e. G. Demographic characteristics or disease spreading), and locations of various landmarks.Basic spatial data for the road network relate to intersections and the road segments are coded based on intersection type (e. G. Railroad crossing, street intersection) and the type of traffic control device present (e. G. Stop sign, stop light). Road segments form the framework for a number of other geographic features defined using route systems. Street names, for instance, are defined as routes. Along them speed zones ND speed limit signs are recorded as linear and point events, respectively. In addition, lanes are recorded as linear events along these routes.Since the majority of streets are only two-lane residential streets, only sections with more than two lanes are recorded. Another important aspect is the recording of the locations of hospitals and gas stations. Moreover, address information related to the road network is being stored, facilitating coding operations. Data concerning road traffic will be very useful for the routing of ambulances. These data will be updated by processing traffic statistics and simultaneously taking into inconsideration online data deriving from traffic sensors installed on the road network.The National Technical University of Athens has installed loop sensors on the road network of Athens, providing essential information on traffic conditions. Traffic data will be stored in a DB'S. Data pertaining to events such as road works or demonstrations tha t also affect road traffic will be made available from the municipality or the police. Data concerning hospitals, ambulances, and their personnel will also be stored in the DB'S and used by the GIS whenever it is necessary. Information linking conventional loophole numbers with addresses is also stored in a DB'S.Its importance will become evident in the next section. Some of the primary functions performed by the GIS operating in KEBAB will be the following: 1 . Depiction on a map of ambulance positions and hospital locations. Useful queries that will be performed include the display of information about an ambulance or a hospital chosen from the map, locating all ambulances positioned within a block, all ambulances that are closer to a hospital or some other spot, etc. Different symbols will be used for displaying an ambulance, 272 2. 3. 4. . 6. Pending on its status: an ambulance may be standing by, handling an incident, or tools of the GIS will take into consideration the data co ncerning the road network, past incident distribution, population distribution, hospital locations, locations of gas stations and traffic conditions and will propose efficient distributions of ambulances. A variety of criteria should be considered in order to perform this operation. For example, areas where many incidents take place should be allocated more ambulances. A densely populated area entails a higher probability of an incident occurring.Additionally, an area's urban planning affects the way incidents are handled. Areas close to major streets facilitate ambulance access to whereas areas with narrow streets inhibit it. If the administrator of the GIS chooses to distribute ambulances according to his/her own criteria, the depiction on the map of all the available information and the interaction with the GIS will be of significant assistance. Finding the site of the incident. Based on the address given by the person calling Kebab's Operations Center for help, the GIS can use a ddress coding functions to find the incident's coordinates on the map.However, in many cases the person calling for help may be at a loss for words and thus unable to give precise information about the site of the incident. Therefore, the system should include a mechanism for matching a call to an address. The DB'S linking conventional telephone numbers with addresses will facilitate this matching. Things are more complicated if the call is made from a cellular phone, however. In this case, the assistance of the cellular phone providers will be required in order to match a caller's location to the closest address or landmark. Choosing the appropriate ambulance to Andre an emergency incident.According to ambulance positions, the type and location of the incident and traffic conditions, the GIS finds the ambulance requiring the least time to reach the site of the incident. The choice of ambulance depends on the type of incident because some ambulances are equipped to handle special em ergency cases. Routing an ambulance to the incident site and from there to the closest appropriate hospital. The GIS will be used to find the optimal routes corresponding to minimum required transportation time. The distance as well as traffic data will be taken into account. The appropriate hospital will furthermore depend on the type of incident.Such information will be derived from communication through the GSM network between the ambulance personnel and the personnel in the Operations Center. The GIS can also present the driver with directions corresponding to the routes generated (e. G. Go straight ahead, turn right to Armor Street, etc. ). These directions will be transmitted to the ambulance. In a real- time system like ours, the time performance of the routing function is of vital significance. Generation of statistics regarding incidents. The GIS, in cooperation with the DB'S annotating incident records, can significantly assist in the statistical analysis of incidents.Cons equently, important conclusions supporting the ambulance districting can be obtained. 5. The most efficient implementation of Disaster's algorithm An operation with substantial importance for the handling of emergency incidents is the routing of an ambulance to an incident site and from there to the closest appropriate hospital. The optimal routes correspond to minimum required transportation times. Finding such routes may prove to be time-consuming in the case of large cities such as Athens with very dense road networks. A real-time system however, must be able to give a prompt reply to such queries.Disaster's algorithm is a simple and consequently easily implemented algorithm for finding shortest routes and is the most widely used in GIS software packages. Its performance depends on the data structures (e. G. Heaps or priority queues) used to implement the graph representing the spatial network. By exploiting recent advances in the field of data structures the performance of a sig nificantly enhanced. We assume that we are given a graph with n nodes, m arcs, and integral arc lengths in the range [0,.. C], where C is the largest arc length. This graph represents the road network.Boris V. Characters, Andrew V. Goldberg and Craig Silversides developed the hot queue data structure (Characters, Goldberg, & Silversides, 1996, 1999) that combines the best features of heaps and multi-level buckets (Denary & Fox, 1979) in a natural way. They proved in theory that if C is very small compared to n, the data structure performs as a multi-level bucket structure. If C is very large, the data structure performs as the heap used in it. For intermediate values of C, the data structure performs better than either the heap or the multi-level jacket structure.

What is Cryptography?

Technology has developed throughout the years, which has been shown by changes in different aspects of how people live their daily lives. One example could be the means of transportation which started from horses during early times to carriages, invention of automobiles, aircrafts, submarines and many more which we use at present. Through centuries, sending of messages has also evolved from messenger mail to electronic mail via the World Wide Web. Along with these are rising security threats to senders and receivers of those messages who fear that their mail would be opened by someone else.It is and has been the same problem ever since. How can these security threats and privacy invasions be avoided then? The main topic of this research is the importance of a science that helps everyone. It could be in terms of technology to the benefit of computer enthusiasts and industrialists, or simply for protection of the privacy of each citizen. The following pages would give the readers a bri ef introduction of the subject at hand, Cryptography. Along with its definition, history, forms and uses, readers would also be able to learn how important this science is and why each person should use it in their daily communication.According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, Cryptography is the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher, the computerized encoding and decoding of information. It is also known as secret writing. Derived from the Greek words kryptos, which means hidden and the grafo, meaning write, is the transformation of data into a secure message, so that unintended recepients would not be able to understand or use them. (Wikibooks, Inc. , 2007).Cryptography is used to hide information by means of encryption, therefore making data unreadable to those who don’t have the secret key that can decipher or decrypt the message into an understandable one. Encryption is done when information is transformed into something which others m ight see as useless. This is called ciphertext. The act of transforming the said information into an understandable format with the use of a cipher or secret key is called decryption. (Wikibooks, 2007) The use of cryptography is seen today through its many uses.These include the security of ATM cards, electronic commerce and computer passwords. These are used for access control and confidentiality of secure information. (Cryptography, 2007) Such techniques like microdots and combining words with images are used by cryptographers to hide information from unintended recepients. (Pawliw, 2006) The earliest known use of cryptography is Classical Cryptography. It shows that it has been thousands of years since cryptography was first done. History has stated that the first proof of the use of cryptography dates back to 2000 BC.It has been related with the Egyptians’ practice of hieroglyphics which consisted of complicated pictograms seen carved into monuments of Ancient Egypt. Thes e pictograms were hard to interpret and only a chosen few knew what their real meanings were. Some time within 500 and 600 BC, Hebrew scholars made use of simple substitution ciphers like the Atbash Cipher in order to solve these encrypted messages. According to Wikibooks, the first known use of a modern cipher was by Julius Caesar (100 BC to 44 BC):â€Å"†¦who did not trust his messengers when communicating with his governors and officers. For this reason, he created a system in which each character in his messages was replaced by a character three positions ahead of it in the Roman alphabet. † (Wikibooks, 2007) By the time of World War II, there has become a great use of mechanical and electromechanical cryptographic cipher machines, but the usage of these was very impractical. During this time, there were various developments in both mathematical and practical cryptography.When the period of modern cryptography began, Claude Shannon, father of mathematical cryptograph y, published the paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1949. Shortly after that, along with Warren Weaver, he published the book Mathematical Theory of Communication as well. Because of those publications, a solid theoretical basis for cryptography and for cryptanalysis was established, which made cryptography known only by secret government communications organizations such as the NSA.It was only in 1969 that the public again saw developments in the field of cryptography: â€Å"First was the DES (Data Encryption Standard) submitted by IBM†¦ in an effort to develop secure electronic communication facilities for businesses such as banks and other large financial organizations†¦ it was adopted and published as a FIPS Publication (Federal Information Processing Standard) in 1977†¦has been made effectively obsolete by the adoption in 2001 of the Advanced Encryption Standard†¦DES was the first publicly accessible cypher algorithm to be ‘blessed' by a national crypto agency such as NSA.The release of its design details by NBS stimulated an explosion of public and academic interest in cryptography. † (Wikibooks, 2006) Here are the important terms related to Cryptography in detail; Encryption is the act of hiding information using cryptography. Processed information in this manner is said to be encrypted. Decryption is the process of translating encrypted information. The Key is like a password used to encrypt and decrypt information. A transmission channel used to transmit information in secrecy is called a Secure Line, while a Public Line is the opposite.An example of which are public pay phones and the Internet. (Wooledge , 2000) There are several types of Cryptography being used today. In order to further explain the types of Cryptography, Wooledge compared the Key to a key to a door. First among these is the Symmetric Cipher, which can sometimes be called a symmetric key. Most of the time, it is used for simple types of cryptography because a same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the secret message.â€Å"Everybody who should have access to the room is given a copy of the key†¦put new information in, take old information out†¦if you send somebody a copy of the key by way of the Post Office, somebody working at the Post Office could intercept this key†¦allow them to access this same locked room, and do the same things with it†¦letting them read everything you locked up with that key, even letting them modify it. â€Å"(Wooledge , 2000) The Public Key Cryptography is more complex because in this type of cryptography there are two keys used and together, they are called a key pair.The key used to encrypt is called the public key, which can be given to anyone in order to send information to the owner of the private key, which will be used to decrypt information sent to him. The most common example of this is the use of electronic mail over th e internet, also known as email. The public key is an email address which one gives out to his friends. This allows them to send information to the holder of the secret key, the owner of the email address, the only one who has the password to open and translate the information sent to him or her.(Wooledge , 2000) A One Time Pad is used to send high security messages such as national secrets and is considered the only perfect encryption in the world. In this type of encryption, both the sender and receiver has a copy of the pad to be used as a symmetric key to hide and unhide a message sent over a secure line and destroys them after it has been used. A good example of this is the one seen in Mission Impossible movies, wherein Ethan Hunt receives messages that self-destruct. (Wooledge , 2000)For the sake of totality, it would be best to include Steganography, the science of hiding information from people who would spy on a person. This type of encryption is designed not to let spies k now that there is indeed a something hidden in a certain message. It is very effective, but only used occasionally. (Wooledge , 2000) Along with the internet, there is a large growth in the variety of forms of electronic communications, making its security very important. There are a number of enumerated uses for Cryptography such as protection of e-mail messages, credit card information, corporate and other important information.(Jupiter Media Corporation, 2004) After a brief background on Cryptography, readers would come to know why it is important to use them in their daily activities. The following are common concerns, goals or objectives that answer the above stated question. Message Confidentiality; Encrypted messages would only be understood by intended recepients of a certain message. If a sender would want to hide certain information from the public or from someone in particular, it would be best that cryptography is used.In that manner, only the receiver would have the key to translate the message into a useful and understandable one. Message Integrity; If an encrypted message is intercepted and changed during the sending process, it would easily be known by the receiver, which secures its integrity. Sender Authentication; It would be possible to make sure of the identities of both sender and recepient of the message. With cryptography, the recipient would be able to verify the true identity of the sender, along with the origin and destination of the message.Sender Non-Repudiation; This would prevent a sender from denying an intention to send and that he or she is the true sender of the said message. (Wikibooks, 2007) Though these cryptographic procedures are effective enough to achieve the goals, and concerns mentioned, it is still important for receivers and specially senders to practice caution such as creating a password with a very strong integrity, logging off private systems when they are not being used by the owner and keeping all private inf ormation to oneself. (Pawliw, 2006) Works Cited Cryptography. (2006).In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary [Web]. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://www. m-w. com/cgi-bin/dictionary? book=Dictionary&va=cryptography Cryptography. (2007). In Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [Web]. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cryptography Pawliw, B (2006, January 13). Cryptography. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Search Security. com Web site: http://searchsecurity. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214431,00. html Wikibooks, (2006, November 1).Cryptography/History of Cryptography. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Wikibooks, the Open-Content Textbooks collection Web site: http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Cryptography/History_of_Cryptography Wikibooks, (2007, January 10). Cryptography/Introduction. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Wikibooks, the Open-Content Textbooks Collection Web site: http://en. w ikibooks. org/wiki/Cryptography/Introduction Wooledge , G (2000, October 11). What types of cryptography are there?. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from wooledge. org Web site: http://wooledge. org/~greg/crypto/node5. html